Behind the Wheel - Speed from Skidmarks

[skidmark]

Tire marks left on the pavement at a collision scene tell the investigator many things about the events involved in a motor vehicle collision. One of the more interesting involves the calculation of pre-collision speed. Even more interesting was the opportunity to teach it to a class of physics students at a Qualicum Beach high school.

My supervisor and I started the class by deriving the slide to stop formula from the basic equations the students were learning. Simply put, the speed of the vehicle is equal to 15.9 times the square root of the skid distance multiplied by the coefficient of friction for the road surface. This applies to a level surface and will work for both ABS and non-ABS braking systems.

Next we went to the parking lot where I readied the shot marker on my police vehicle and had one student sit in the passenger seat to verify the speed by watching the radar display. After reaching 50 km/h I braked to create the skid and the shot marker fired a piece of blackboard chalk onto the ground when the brakes were applied. By measuring the distance from the chalk mark to the shot marker at the other end, the exact skid distance was known.

My supervisor led the others through the use of a drag sled, which is essentially a section of tire weighted with lead or concrete inside. Weighing it and then measuring the force required to slide it over the pavement allowed the students to calculate the co-efficient of friction for the road surface.

Back in the classroom we used the formula, the skid distance and the co-efficient of friction to calculate the police vehicle's initial speed when the brakes were applied. The answer was exactly the speed shown on the radar! While real world collisions are often much more complicated, this was a great opportunity to show the students an application of what they were studying in a manner that they had not considered.

Reference Links (http://www.drivesmartbc.ca/police/speed-skidmarks)

[GTS Jeff]

That doesn't take into account tire characteristics such as grip levels and how much rubber comes off during a slide, which influenced not only by the tire compound, but also the temperature of the tires and the surface of the roadways.

Not trying to take the wind out of your skidsails...I'm just sayin..

[DRKM]

One more thing is that I do not understand how it would work for a vehicle with ABS?

When a wheel is slowing down the abs pulsates the tire so it does not lock up. AKA it is not skidding nearly as much as non-ABS vehicles.

You could not relate the two formulas since would be a rolling case and the other would be a non-rolling aka skid case.

[Zero102]

With ABS it would be more difficult to accurately measure the marks on the pavement, no? Or do you just get a set of dashed lines as the ABS kicks on and off?

That said, saying that the same formula applies equally well to both ABS vehicles and vehicles without ABS implies that ABS (and the modification this makes to the wheel's traction during braking) has no effect at all on stopping distance.